[Skip to the reading](#reading) [MOTS-c Field notes](/) - [Start Field guide](/) - [Care Questions for care](/field-questions/) - [Cost The whole cost](/cost-notes/) - [Proof Evidence & caution](/notes-and-sources/) Proof / Match the claim to the study # Keep the claim next to the proof. ## What do the human studies show? A trial is a test of a treatment in people. The MOTS-c study is registered: its plan is listed on ClinicalTrials.gov, a public website for study records. The record checked September 30, 2026 says the study began in February 2026. It was looking for volunteers and had no posted results. A listed start date does not tell us how many people received MOTS-c. [Source: the MOTS-c study record](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07505745) CB4211 is a lab-made version with changes to MOTS-c, so the two are different substances. [Check a claim I heard](#proof-notes) ![Separate studies: MOTS-c has a listed study plan but no posted results; CB4211, a different substance, has results reported by its maker.](/media/study-map.webp) Keep the studies of MOTS-c and CB4211 separate. A company’s report about CB4211 does not show what MOTS-c does. ## What did the CB4211 study report? By September 30, 2026, the company had reported results from its completed CB4211 study. No medical journal had published those results. The company reported lower blood sugar and lower readings on liver damage tests after four weeks. The company also said the version used in that study was not suitable for further development. Results for CB4211 cannot tell us what treatment with MOTS-c itself does. [Source: the CB4211 study record](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03998514) [Source: the company’s public filing](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1522602/000121390023018882/f10k2022_cohbarinc.htm) Keep the gaps in view ## What can’t the sales pitch settle? ### What do we know about harm? In the US, medicines are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the FDA review checked September 30, 2026, human harms from MOTS-c treatment remained unknown. The FDA warns that the body may react to an injected peptide, a small piece of protein, as if it were a germ. The FDA says these reactions can be unnoticed or life-threatening. They could also block the body’s own MOTS-c. This is a possible risk of injected peptides. It is not a reported case of harm from MOTS-c. Its safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding is also unknown in the September 30, 2026 evidence. [When to get emergency help](#urgent-help) [Source: FDA’s assessment of harms](https://www.fda.gov/media/193347/download) ### Can an ordinary pharmacy make MOTS-c? Compounding is the term for preparing medicine to meet a patient’s particular needs. The US rules and FDA records checked September 26, 2026 point to the same answer. An ordinary pharmacy cannot legally make MOTS-c from its raw ingredient. FDA records show there is no official US drug standard for MOTS-c. No FDA-approved medicine contains MOTS-c. It is also absent from the FDA’s list of extra raw ingredients allowed for medicines made to order. A request had asked the FDA to allow MOTS-c as an ingredient in pharmacy-made medicine. By September 30, 2026, FDA records showed the request had been taken back. Taking back that request did not make MOTS-c lawful for a pharmacy to use. FDA staff advised against adding MOTS-c to that list. Their written advice was prepared for the July 2026 meeting. As of September 30, 2026, that staff advice was not a final FDA decision. A group of outside experts met to advise the FDA about adding MOTS-c to that list. As of September 30, 2026, the FDA had not published how that group voted. Even a yes vote is advice. The FDA must change the rule before an ingredient can be added to the list. [Source: FDA rules for pharmacy ingredients](https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act) [Source: FDA staff’s advice on MOTS-c](https://www.fda.gov/media/193347/download) [Source: the meeting of experts advising the FDA](https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026) ### Does a government drug code settle it? A National Drug Code identifies a drug product in the government’s directory. Having that code does not mean FDA approval, as confirmed September 26, 2026. [Source: FDA on drug-directory entries](https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/national-drug-code-directory) ### What about a “research use only” label? In letters reviewed September 26, 2026, the FDA said a “research use only” label does not excuse selling unapproved drugs for people. That label does not answer whether a product can be used as medicine. [Source: FDA’s research-label reasoning](https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/gram-peptides-721806-03312026) ### Do sport rules matter for MOTS-c? The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) publishes a list of banned substances for sport. Under the 2026 WADA rules checked September 30, 2026, MOTS-c is banned during competition and between events. [Source: the WADA banned list](https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf) ### Already used it and feel ill? MedlinePlus guidance checked September 17, 2026, directs people with signs of a severe allergic reaction to emergency medical help. Signs include trouble breathing, a swollen tongue, or loss of consciousness. For questions about a product already used, bring its label and the details of what happened to the clinician. [Source: MedlinePlus on severe reactions](https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000844.htm) Check the claim you actually heard ## What would change my mind? Ask for the source behind a specific claim. Write what it shows, what it leaves open, and the answer still needed. My evidence notes The claim I heard The source offered for it What the source shows, and what is still missing I checked whether the study gave MOTS-c to people. I checked whether it reports results. I kept the CB4211 results separate from MOTS-c. I asked what remains unknown. Save notes in this browser. On a shared device, clear them when finished. 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